Image perception and interpretation of abnormalities; can we believe our eyes? Can we do something about it?

The radiologist’s visual impression of images is transmitted, via non-visual means (the report), to the clinician. There are several complex steps from the perception of the images by the radiologist to the understanding of the impression by the clinician. With a process as complex as this, it is no wonder that errors in perception, cognition, interpretation, transmission and understanding are very common. This paper reviews the processes of perception and error generation and possible strategies for minimising them

Play and paediatric health: exploring children's perspectives of play in the context of early health adversity

Background Children possess rights to play and to express themselves on matters related to childhood. Though it is recognised that children can be experts of their own lives, the realisation of these rights and children’s agency is contextually dependent, especially in circumstances of health adversity in childhood. Play is recognised as critically important in childhood and associated with children’s health and wellbeing, yet there is a dearth of evidence that includes children’s own perspectives on the role and value of their play in situations of health-related challenges during childhood. This research seeks to address the question: what are children’s experiences of play amidst early health adversity? Children’s perspectives are an integral component of this investigation, focusing on experiences of play in the context of widespread health adversity (the COVID-19 pandemic) and acute, personal health adversity (paediatric hospitalisation). Studies and Methods This thesis consists of three studies to support this exploration. The first study, conducted at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, is a rapid review on the impact of quarantine or isolation on children’s play. Building upon those findings, the second study presents a remotely conducted, qualitative exploration of children’s perspectives on play during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, moving from broad societal to individual health adversity, the third study combined ethnographic observations and qualitative interviews to investigate paediatric patients’ perspectives on play during inpatient hospitalisation. Results The results of the rapid review revealed a limited amount of research regarding the impact of restrictive circumstances on play, particularly related to health adversity and disease outbreaks. The findings showed that access to play is affected amidst restrictions and indicated that play can be utilised to support children enduring restrictive circumstances, but critically highlighted a lack of data on children’s own perspectives of their experiences. The subsequent study about children’s perspectives on play during the pandemic demonstrated the unique qualities of children’s viewpoints on their play amidst health adversity. Children expressed that play persisted in the face of restriction and uncertainty, demonstrating adaptability and positivity related to their play. The final study of children’s perspectives on play during hospitalisation illustrated the dynamic relationship between children’s wellbeing and their play, children’s sense of ownership and expertise regarding their play, and the capacity for play to make young patients feel like children when experiencing childhood in the atypical context of a hospital. Conclusion This thesis highlights the need to gather, listen, and attend to children’s perspectives on elemental aspects of childhood, such as play, that can be affected by early health adversity and distinctly impact children’s lives. Including children’s perspectives supports the recognition of children as experts of their childhoods and their play. Additionally, it has the potential to enhance understanding of children’s experiences of health crises and improve the care and consideration for supporting childhood amidst early health adversity. This requires improved realisation of children’s rights and agency and improved recognition of the value of play in collective society.Funding from the LEGO Cambridge Scholarship via the Cambridge Commonwealth, European & International Trus

Children's perspectives on their play experiences during the <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 pandemic: A video‐based interview study

Funder: LEGO Foundation; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100018325The COVID‐19 pandemic and lockdown regulations introduced many changes to children's everyday lives, including play, creating a unique pandemic experience for children. For this qualitative study, 15 children (ages 3–10) participated in virtual interviews on play during the pandemic between August and October 2020. While children recognised changes to play, it had persisted despite restrictions—play itself was not on lockdown. Children showed that play remained valuable and was an expression of adaptability, confidence and positivity. These considerations can help us support children's childhoods during crises, as children are members of society with rights to voice their opinions on matters affecting their lives

The Effect of Music on Collegiate Athletes\u27 Performance

The purpose of the study is to see if music increases or decreases participant’s performance in a competitive sports environment. Our study consists of observing two collegiate men\u27s and women’s sports teams, golf and track. How the genre of music affects the performance of each individual on each team is observed. The athlete will listen to a specific genre of music before performing their event, then each athlete’s performance will be measured based on their individual statistics. Different genres of music have varying effects on athletes. Hutchison and Sherman’s (2014) research has shown that there have been beneficial effects when music and exercise are combined. It has been found that there is an increase in the intensity of a workout when the tempo of the music is increased (Hutchison, & Sherman, 2014). The purpose of our study is to see the effect that music can have on individual athletes. Psycholog

Young children with psychotic symptoms and risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: a research note

Abstract Objective Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) are prevalent among youth with psychotic disorders (PD) relative to the general population. Recent research now suggests that STBs may present during the prodromal phase of the disease, or the clinical high risk (CHR) state. While this knowledge is important for the development of suicide prevention strategies in adolescent and adult populations, it remains unclear whether risk for suicide extends to children with or at risk for psychosis. The current study is an extension of previous work assessing STBs in youth across the psychosis continuum. We examine STBs in 37 CHR and PD children ages 7–13 years old, and further explore the prodromal symptom correlates of STB severity among CHR children. Results CHR and PD children endorsed STBs with a frequency and severity similar to what is observed in older CHR and PD populations. A number of children had never previously vocalized their suicidal plans or intent. Among CHR children, Social Anhedonia and Odd Behavior or Appearance were significantly correlated with STB severity. These findings underscore the importance of screening for STBs even in young children presenting with psychotic symptoms

A rapid review of the impact of quarantine and restricted environments on children's play and the role of play in children's health.

Amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there is uncertainty regarding potential lasting impacts on children's health and educational outcomes. Play, a fundamental part of childhood, may be integral to children's health during crises. We undertook a rapid review of the impact of quarantine, isolation and other restrictive environments on play and whether play mitigates adverse effects of such restrictions. Fifteen peer-reviewed studies were identified, spanning hospitals, juvenile and immigration detention and refugee camps. We found evidence of changes in children's access to play in crises and quarantine. These studies indicated how play might support children enduring isolation but lacked robust investigations of play as an intervention in mitigating impacts of restriction. Studies pertaining to children in isolation due to infectious disease outbreaks were notably absent. It is important that the potential effects of changes to such a crucial aspect of childhood are better understood to support children in this and future crises